APA Style Citations APA Style Citations 7th edition ULRIKE KESTLER NORQUEST COLLEGE LIBRARY, ALISSA DROOG, SARAH ADAMS, AND DEBBIE FEISST KWANTLEN POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY SURREY, BC APA Style Citations by Ulrike Kestler is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. APA Style Citations is adapted from the APA Style Citation Tutorial by © 2020 Sarah Adams and Debbie Feist (University of Alberta Library), which in turn was based on the Introduction to APA Library Tutorials by NorQuest College Library. Both are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The following changes and additions were made © 2021 Ulrike Kestler (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library) and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence • Added new Chapter “What is a Citation” • Chapter “Why we Cite” expanded • Chapter “Why Apa”: renamed “What is Apa” and revised • Chapter “Exploring Source Types” info expanded; subchapter headings changed (to “How Do I Know The Source Is…”) • Chapter “How Do I Know The Source Is A Webpage?”: changed the CAST webpage example to UNESCO example • Added new Chapter “Activity: Which Source Type is This?” • Chapter “Two Types of Citation”: replaced image with own image and updated content • Chapter “Creating Reference List Citations”: divided into four separate chapters: ◦ Creating Reference List Citations: Journal Articles ◦ Creating Reference List Citations: Trade Articles ◦ Creating Reference List Citations: Webpages ◦ Creating Reference List Citations: Books/ebooks ▪ added H5P activity “The 4Ws” for trade articles, webpages, books/ebooks chapters ▪ added two new H5P activities for each of the four chapters (Exercise 1: Find the elements needed for a reference list citation; Exercise 2: How do you write each citation element in APA Style?) • Chapter “Creating Reference List Citation Activity”: Removed activities 1 and 3, added new activity • Created separate chapter for the Overview of the four Ws infographic • Chapter “What is an In-Text Citation”: added own content; removed image of crumpled paper and of corresponding references • Chapter “How it All Works Together”: replaced corresponding references image • Chapter “APA and Writing Support”: updated to reflect KPU resources • Chapter “Conclusion”: created own Feedback form using LibWizard Contents Preface Introduction vii 1 Part I. Part One: Why Do We Cite? 1. What Is a Citation? 5 2. Why Do We Cite? 7 3. What is APA Style? 9 Part II. Part Two: Exploring Source Types 4. Exploring Source Types 13 5. How Do I Know The Source Is A Journal Article? 14 6. How Do I Know The Source Is A Trade Publication? 17 7. How Do I Know The Source Is A Webpage? 18 8. How Do I Know The Source Is A Book or eBook? 19 9. Activity: Which Source Type Is This? 20 10. Source Types Summary 25 Part III. Part Three: Reference List Citations 11. Two Types of Citation 29 12. What is a Reference List Citation? 30 13. Creating Reference List Citations: Journal Articles 32 14. Creating Reference List Citations: Trade Publications 34 15. Creating Reference List Citations: Webpages 36 16. Creating Reference List Citations: Books/Ebooks 38 17. Activity: Creating Reference List Citations 40 18. Summary of the Four W's 46 Part IV. Part Four: In-text Citations 19. What is an In-Text Citation? 51 20. In-Text Citations Activity 54 Part V. Part Five: How It All Works Together 21. How it All Works Together 57 22. Matching Reference and In-Text Citations Activity 59 APA and Writing Support 61 Conclusion 63 References and Attribution 64 Changes 66 Preface This version of APA Style Citation is a modified version of APA Style Citation Tutorial by Sarah Adams and Debbie Feisst, University of Alberta Library. Changes to the original version of the book are listed in the Back Matter of this book. The original version of this book, APA Style Citation Tutorial by University of Alberta Library is an adaptation of Introduction to APA Library Tutorials by NorQuest College Library. Both are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The changes to this book listed in the Back Matter of this book are released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free to use, modify or adapt any of this material providing the terms of the Creative Commons licenses are adhered to. Preface | vii Introduction Welcome to APA Style Citation! Throughout your time at KPU, you will be expected to do your academic work in a way that aligns with the university’s standards of academic integrity. Amongst other things, this means that you are expected to cite the sources you are using in your work, and do so correctly. These modules are designed to help you learn about the basics of APA Style citations. Learning Outcomes After completing this tutorial, you will be able to: 1. Explain why using citations is important 2. Recognize cues within sources to identify their source type 3. Create and format reference list and in-text citations in APA Style 4. Access resources to help you with APA Style citation. Introduction | 1 PART I PART ONE: WHY DO WE CITE? Learning Outcome After completing this part, you will be able to: • define what a citation is • explain why using citations is important Part One: Why Do We Cite? | 3 1. What Is a Citation? What is a citation? You may think of referencing as something specific only to academic discourse, but we actually use references informally in our daily lives all the time. You are doing this to let the other person know from where you got this information. Everyday referencing examples In academic discourse, we are doing a similar type of referencing, but it happens in a more formal and prescribed way through a process called citation. In a citation, you will give very specific key information. Academic referencing examples These are in-text references where only very brief information is given, usually the author and the year of publication. Each in-text reference must also have an entry in the reference list at the end of your writeup with more information, so the reader can find the source. What Is a Citation? | 5 Key Takeaways A citation: • is a reference to a source of information • gives specific key information about the source, so the reader can find it • gives brief information in the text and more detailed information in a reference list at the end 6 | What Is a Citation? 2. Why Do We Cite? Why is citing important? 1. For Scholarly Communication Academics engage in conversations to advance their knowledge and understanding of a subject. This happens mostly in written form through the publication of scholarly materials. In these academic conversations, it is necessary and expected that all prior thought is acknowledged and that all contributors to the conversation are credited. This is mostly done through citations. Citing sources will situate a work in the current literature and will allow the reader to distinguish prior contributions from new original thought. Readers will be able to locate and read the cited sources to learn more about them, and they can check that thoughts and ideas are being passed on accurately. By reading, analyzing, and including scholarly sources in your assignments, you are contributing to and participating in this scholarly communication. You are therefore expected to acknowledge all the sources from which you drew information. 2. To Give Credit and Show Professionalism In academic writing, it is considered ethically wrong to take credit for someone else’s intellectual output. Citing your sources is a means of giving credit to the other person’s efforts and to their findings. It shows respect for the intellectual output of others and demonstrates professionalism in your writing. To support your research and to add credibility to your arguments, you will mainly use scholarly and professional sources as evidence. 3. To Avoid Plagiarism Why Do We Cite? | 7 To avoid plagiarism, you always need to give credit to the person whose work or idea you are using, whether you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise use the ideas of others. Written and spoken words, music and videos, movies, performances, artwork, photographs, graphs, tables, figures, diagrams, data, computer code, and any other intellectual or creative product must be cited. This applies even if the original author agrees that you can use their intellectual output or if you paid to use it. It also applies to reusing your own work without citing it. Key Takeaways The main reasons why we cite are to: 1. Participate in scholarly communication 2. Give credit to our sources 3. Avoid plagiarism It might help to think: is this my own idea or did I read or hear about it in one of my sources? If it came from somewhere else, cite it. 8 | Why Do We Cite? 3. What is APA Style? APA Style is a set of guidelines covering many different aspects of scholarly writing, including: • formatting (title page setup, margins, line spacing, font, headings, etc.) • mechanics of style (spelling, punctuation, capitalization, italics, etc.) • grammar • use of bias-free language • references/citations The APA Style Manual is published by the American Psychological Association (APA) and is used in psychology, nursing, business, communications, criminology, engineering, and related fields. Check out the APA Style website for more info! Media attribution: Image from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition. What is APA Style? | 9 PART II PART TWO: EXPLORING SOURCE TYPES Learning Outcome After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Recognize cues within sources to identify which type of source it is Part Two: Exploring Source Types | 11 4. Exploring Source Types To identify the correct APA citation elements needed for your reference list citation, you first need to know what type of source you have. Looking at a source’s visual clues can help you figure this out. A source can be in different formats. For example: • a book can be in print or available online as an ebook • an article can be in a print journal or available online in a Library database or on a journal webpage • a video can be on a DVD or streamed online • and so on… Other sources exist only electronically, such as blogs or websites and their individual webpages. It can be a bit confusing figuring out what type of source you have. To help, we will go through some examples of source types and clues to look for. Exploring Source Types | 13 5. How Do I Know The Source Is A Journal Article? Click on the symbols to learn about the clues that help to identify a scholarly journal article. 14 | How Do I Know The Source Is A Journal Article? https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=32#h5p-1 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: Work’s reference citation: Kirkpatrick, L., Brown, H. M., Searle, M., Smyth, R. E., Ready, E. A., & Kennedy, K. (2018). Impact of a one-to-one iPad initiative on Grade 7 students’ achievement in language arts, mathematics, and learning skills. Computers in the Schools, 35(3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2018.1491771 16 | How Do I Know The Source Is A Journal Article? 6. How Do I Know The Source Is A Trade Publication? Click on the symbol to learn about the clues that help to identify a trade publication. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/ An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=34#h5p-4 apastyle/?p=34#h5p-3 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=34#h5p-5 Work’s reference citation: Stone, A. (2020, January/February). The end of discipline in the classroom. Teach, 26-29. https://issuu.com/ teachmag/docs/teach_ janfeb2020 How Do I Know The Source Is A Trade Publication? | 17 7. How Do I Know The Source Is A Webpage? Click on the symbol to learn about the clues that help to identify a webpage. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=36#h5p-6 Work’s reference citation: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.). What UNESCO does on literacy. https://en.unesco.org/themes/literacy-all/action 18 | How Do I Know The Source Is A Webpage? 8. How Do I Know The Source Is A Book or eBook? Click on the symbol to learn about the clues that help to identify a Book or eBook. An interactive H5P element has been An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/ https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/ apastyle/?p=38#h5p-8 apastyle/?p=38#h5p-9 An interactive H5P element has been An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/ https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/ apastyle/?p=38#h5p-10 apastyle/?p=38#h5p-11 Work’s reference citation: Kanu, Y. (2011). Integrating Aboriginal perspectives into the school curriculum: Purposes, possibilities and challenges. University of Toronto Press. How Do I Know The Source Is A Book or eBook? | 19 9. Activity: Which Source Type Is This? Activity 1 20 | Activity: Which Source Type Is This? Activity: Which Source Type Is This? | 21 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=186#h5p-15 Activity 2 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=186#h5p-31 Activity 3 22 | Activity: Which Source Type Is This? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=186#h5p-30 Activity 4 Activity: Which Source Type Is This? | 23 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=186#h5p-32 24 | Activity: Which Source Type Is This? 10. Source Types Summary The first step in creating an APA reference citation is to identify the type of source you are using. After figuring out the type of source you are citing, you can move on to identifying the information needed to create a reference list citation for that source. Using a previous reference citation example can help! Media attribution: “[Wordcloud for various types of sources]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. Source Types Summary | 25 PART III PART THREE: REFERENCE LIST CITATIONS Learning Outcome After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Create and format reference list citations in APA style Part Three: Reference List Citations | 27 11. Two Types of Citation In APA Style, there are two parts to every citation: an in-text citation and a reference list citation. In-text citations use only a few details of the source, enough to locate its matching reference citation in the reference list. Reference list citations provide more information about the source, so that the reader can find it if they wish. We will discuss both of these separately first and then together later. First, we will discuss reference list citations. Two Types of Citation | 29 12. What is a Reference List Citation? A reference list is an alphabetized list located on a separate page at the end of your paper that lists all the reference citations for the sources used in your paper to support your research. Each reference citation includes key elements referred to as the Four W’s: Who? When? What? Where? Author Date Title Source Location Asking these 4 questions helps identify the key elements needed for a reference list citation. Using APA resources to help create a reference citation is like using a recipe. The ingredients are the key pieces of information about a source (4Ws). If you’re missing an ingredient, leave it out or substitute it. Following a recipe’s directions is like following a citation example. If you follow the directions and add the ingredients at the right point, then your recipe (i.e. your citation) will turn out! You are not expected to memorize APA guidelines. Instead, use available resources (APA Quickguide and this tutorial) to help guide you. Over time you will become more comfortable with creating citations yourself. 30 | What is a Reference List Citation? Image Attributions: “write-writer-type-machine-creative-idea” by mohamed hassan is licensed under CC0 1.0 International. “[Calendar Months]” by unknown author is licensed under CC0 1.0 International. “stack-of-food-books-2” by Cannelle is licensed under CC BY 4.0 International. “512px-Internet2” by Fabio Lanari is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 International. “Pancake recipe with ingredients Free Vector” by pikisuperstar is licensed under CC BY 4.0 International. What is a Reference List Citation? | 31 13. Creating Reference List Citations: Journal Articles Next, we will use the 4 W’s to look at creating reference citations for the various sources evaluated in the previous chapters. Pay close attention to the punctuation and font emphasis (italic, underline) used. The 4 Ws for the journal article (there are four slides) An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=61#h5p-12 The citation for the journal article (click image to see it bigger) • Author: is the Family name, Initials. for each author, with a comma in between, and an ampersand (the and sign &) before the last author. ◦ Authors are always ordered as they appear on the work. • Date: is the publication date (Year) of the article. • Title: is in sentence-case, as are all titles of works cited in APA Style. • Source location: is the Scholarly Journal Title (in Title-Case and italics), Volume number (in italics) and Issue number (in parentheses), the article’s page range, and hyperlinked DOI. ◦ Note: The article is part of a larger source (the scholarly journal), so the source is italicized and not the article. Now try it yourself! The Library’s APA Online Guide is a great resource to have on hand for creating reference citations. 32 | Creating Reference List Citations: Journal Articles Exercise 1: Find the elements needed for a reference list citation for this journal article An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=61#h5p-33 Exercise 2: How do you write each citation element in APA Style? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=61#h5p-34 Image attribution: “[Colour coded and labelled image for a journal citation]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. Creating Reference List Citations: Journal Articles | 33 14. Creating Reference List Citations: Trade Publications The 4 Ws for the trade article (there are four slides) An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=210#h5p-41 The citation for the trade article (click image to see it bigger): The example above is an article in a trade publication accessed through its online version on an open website. • Author: the article’s individual author, as always last name followed by initials. • Date: the publication date of the issue in () parentheses, Year-First, followed by the months. • Title: the article title in sentence-case. • Source location: the Publication’s Title (in Title-Case and italics), the article page range, and hyperlinked URL. ◦ This example has no volume or issue numbers, so they are skipped. Now try it yourself! The Library’s APA Online Guide is a great resource to have on hand for creating reference citations. Exercise 1: Find the elements needed for a reference list citation for this trade article 34 | Creating Reference List Citations: Trade Publications An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=210#h5p-42 Exercise 2: How do you write each citation element in APA Style? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=210#h5p-43 Image attribution: “[Colour coded and labelled image for a trade publication]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. Creating Reference List Citations: Trade Publications | 35 15. Creating Reference List Citations: Webpages The 4 Ws for the webpage (there are four slides) An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=213#h5p-35 The citation for the webpage (click image to see it bigger) The example above is a webpage with a group author that is the same as the publisher of the website . • Author: UNESCO is an acronym for the organization’s full name. ◦ If the author is an acronym, spell out their full name. • Date: the publication date of the webpage. ◦ Do not use the website’s copyright date for the date. ◦ If no publication date is given, use (n.d.), meaning no date. • Title: is in sentence-case and italics as it is an individual work. • Source location: is the site name (if different from the author) and URL of the webpage. ◦ If the author is the same as the site name (as in our example), only the author is included. Now try it yourself! The Library’s APA Online Guide is a great resource to have on hand for creating reference citations. Exercise 1: Find the elements needed for a reference list citation for this webpage 36 | Creating Reference List Citations: Webpages An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=213#h5p-36 Exercise 2: How do you write each citation element in APA Style? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=213#h5p-37 Creating Reference List Citations: Webpages | 37 16. Creating Reference List Citations: Books/Ebooks The 4 Ws for the book (there are four slides) An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=216#h5p-40 The citation for the book (click image to see it bigger) The example above is an eBook accessed through a library database with no DOI. • Author: is the book’s individual author. ◦ As always, use only initials for all given names. • Date: the copyright date of the book, found on the copyright page (©2011). ◦ This is the guideline for all books and eBooks. The release date of a book is not used. • Title: is in sentence-case and italics as it is a stand alone work ◦ If a title has a subtitle, it is separated by a colon (:) with the first word of the subtitle in upper-case. • Source location: is the book’s publisher (and for ebooks also the DOI or URL if available) ◦ If the ebook is in a library database and has no DOI, treat the ebook like a print book and finish the citation with the book publisher; do not include the URL (unless your instructor asks you to do so) Now try it yourself! The Library’s APA Online Guide is a great resource to have on hand for creating reference citations. Exercise 1: Find the elements needed for a reference list citation for this book 38 | Creating Reference List Citations: Books/Ebooks An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=216#h5p-38 Exercise 2: How do you write each citation element in APA Style? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=216#h5p-39 Image attribution: “[Colour coded and labelled image for a book/ebook“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. Creating Reference List Citations: Books/Ebooks | 39 17. Activity: Creating Reference List Citations As you’ve learned, creating a reference citation requires a few steps: 1. Identify the type of source, 2. Identify the 4W’s of the work (Who, When, What, Where), 3. Write the reference citation using the 4W’s and guidance from a correct example (APA QuickGuide); pay attention to correct formatting (punctuation, spacing, capitalization, italics). 4. Proofread your work. Complete the activities below to practice creating reference citations Activity 1 40 | Activity: Creating Reference List Citations Activity: Creating Reference List Citations | 41 You want to create a reference citation for the eBook above. Drag and drop each element of the reference citation into their correct box. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=72#h5p-14 Activity 2 42 | Activity: Creating Reference List Citations Activity: Creating Reference List Citations | 43 44 | Activity: Creating Reference List Citations An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=72#h5p-16 Activity 3 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=72#h5p-45 Image attributions: “[Book cover and title page for “Applying cross-curricular approaches creatively”]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. “[Book cover and select pages for “The importance of play in early childhood education]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. Activity: Creating Reference List Citations | 45 18. Summary of the Four W's The infographic below provides an overview of each of the 4W’s with some examples. You can download the full 2-page APA 7th edition overview infographic here: APA 7th Edition Overview Infographic [PDF]. 46 | Summary of the Four W's Summary of the Four W's | 47 “[Infographic of the four W’s]“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. 48 | Summary of the Four W's PART IV PART FOUR: IN-TEXT CITATIONS Learning Outcome After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Create and format in-text citations in APA Style. Part Four: In-text Citations | 49 19. What is an In-Text Citation? If you want to include information from a source you consulted in your paper, you need to create an intext citation. As mentioned before, in-text citations use only a few details of the source, enough to locate its matching reference citation in the reference list. In APA style you need to include the following elements for all in-text citations, whether you are citing a book, a journal or trade article, a website or any other item: • the author’s family name(s) or the group name • the year • and if you are quoting word for word, also the page number or other locator* *Instructors may prefer location information for all in-text citations, so check with your instructor. Where do I place citations in my writing? Because in-text citations tell your reader which ideas belong to you and which ideas belong to someone else, it is crucial that you place them correctly. There are two different ways that you can include in-text citations into your assignments: • as a parenthetical citation at the end of your sentence • as a narrative citation as part of the sentence Examples 1. In-text citation example for a paraphrase Click on the symbol to learn about the parenthetical and narrative citation used in these paraphrases. What is an In-Text Citation? | 51 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=79#h5p-17 2. In-text citation examples for a short quote Click on the symbol to learn about how to add in-text citations for short quotes (less than 40 words). Narrative Citation An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=79#h5p-18 Parenthetical Citation An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=79#h5p-19 3. In-text citation examples for a long quote Click on the symbol to learn about how to add in-text citations for long quotes (more than 40 words). Narrative Citation An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=79#h5p-20 Parenthetical Citation An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=79#h5p-21 52 | What is an In-Text Citation? What if there aren’t any page numbers? Some sources don’t have page numbers, in which case you should try to include some other pinpoint, so your reader can find the quote more easily. This could be a section heading, a chapter number, paragraph, and so on. The image below details some location information examples and their appropriate abbreviation. Also, check out our In-text Citations tab on the APA Citation guide for some examples. What if there is no author? What if there are multiple authors? What if there is no date? Whatever the situation, you still need to cite your source. Check out the APA Citation guide for answers to these and other questions, and if you need help, please ask us. Tip: It is easiest to create the reference citation first and then its matching in-text citation(s). Image attributions: “Two Ways To Insert Your Citation” by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. “When to cite specific location information“ by University of Alberta Library’s APA Style Citation Tutorial is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. What is an In-Text Citation? | 53 20. In-Text Citations Activity In this section, complete the following three activities to practice creating parenthetical and narrative in-text citations by typing in the in-text citation. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/?p=81#h5p-22 54 | In-Text Citations Activity PART V PART FIVE: HOW IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER Learning Outcome After completing this chapter, you will be able to: • Create and format reference list and in-text citations in APA Style. Part Five: How It All Works Together | 55 21. How it All Works Together As we have covered, reference list citations and in-text citations should match each other. They work together to clearly indicate which sources provide support to your assignment. You wouldn’t want to wear mismatched socks, just like you don’t want mismatched citations! You want your in-text and reference list citations (and socks) to match each other! *One exception is personal communication, which is cited as an in-text citation, but is not included in the reference list.* How it All Works Together | 57 Why? Your reader can’t access your personal experiences. Image attribution: “Mismatched Socks Solidarity Day” by Rik Panganiban is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. “X-ray socks” by unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International. “Opinion” by unknown author is licensed under